The Republicans also renewed their hold on the House.
But Tuesday night's victories may just be the beginning for the Republicans.
"That's not victory, that's step one," American Enterprise Institute resident scholar Michael Strain said. "Victory comes in demonstrating to the American people that when the Republicans hold a majority in both houses, they can come together by passing a policy vision that reflects conservative principles and will help the lives of American citizens. That's hard, and that's a challenge."
Experts told CNBC that a GOP-controlled Senate will look to pursue several legislative goals, including tax reform and energy infrastructure bills.
Read MoreGOP and Obama: Yes to trade, no to tax reform
One area of interest will be what Republicans choose to focus on with the chamber's banking committee. This could include reforming massive the Dodd-Frank legislation, said Mark Calabria, director of financial regulation studies at the Cato Institute.
Potentially more significant than any policy priorities, Calabria said, is that a Republican-led Senate will mean that regulators would now "try to maintain a good relationship with congressional GOP."
Although a Republican Senate takeover was largely predicted by national and local polls, the development may still create investing opportunities, experts said.
Read MoreMitch McConnell wins re-election
Richard Hastings, macro strategist at Global Hunter Securities, predicted that the new Senate may bolster the American fossil fuels industry by focusing more on stimulating shale gas production and unconventional drilling, and less on alternative energy sources such as wind or solar power.
A "grand bargain" incorporating corporate tax and minimum wage reform may also be a possibility with the new congressional demographics, Hastings said.
"Something is changing: Traditionally one might think that a Republican regime would not be supportive of raising wages, but that classical model may be falling apart," he said.
Read MoreVoters firmly back minimum wage increases
In fact, two traditionally red states—Nebraska and Arkansas—were among five states that passed ballot measures calling for increases to their state minimum wages.
For more on the midterms elections, see the CNBC live blog.
