Primer: Biofuels

What are they?

Biofuels are food-crop or cellulose-derived substitutes for petroleum, especially for use in the transportation sector. In the US, corn-based ethanol is the primary biofuel, while in Brazil, another biofuels powerhouse, the source is sugar cane. The emerging cellulosic biofuels industry sources its feedstock from a wide array of mostly non-food plants.

AP / AP

The US move to biofuels has been a remarkably successful experiment in renewable energy promotion despite its inadvertent, and probably exaggerated, negative effect on agricultural prices. With clear government support, the market has responded with alacrity, even exceeding aggressive federal mandates known as Renewable Fuels Standards (RFS).

Current ethanol production is already close to the federal mandate of 9 billion gallons set this year, but with significant new capacity coming on-line, there are signs of a glut. By the end of 2009, somewhere between 5.2 billion and 10.2 billion gallons will come on-line. An additional 5.5 billion of planned capacity could come to market by 2015. This would put corn-based ethanol production well above the mandated target of 15 billion gallons by 2015.

This remarkable growth has been stimulated by significant government subsidies — $3.2 billion in tax breaks alone last year — driven by twin concerns of energy independence and the environment, the grain belt’s political clout.

The recent run-up of basic food staples — 240 percent since 2004 — has muddied the prospects of future support for food-based ethanol, which has been blamed for 10 to 30 percent of the price spike. Presumptive Republican presidential nominee John McCain says he would freeze ethanol mandates at current levels. (His Democratic rival, Sen. Barack Obama, has generally been less critical.)  Future support will be shaped by the debate about how much ethanol has added to food prices increases — as will the size of crop harvests.

How is corn-based ethanol made?

Making ethanol, or ethyl alcohol — more generally "spirits" — is among man's earliest ventures into value-added processing, with a new industrial twist. It is the process of making alcohol through the fermentation of starch, found in corn and similar grains, or from sugar-based feedstocks like beets or sugar cane.

The process has been considerably refined in recent years but follows a basic recipe. After being ground into flour, or "meal", it is slurried with water to form a "mash" to which enzymes are added to convert the starch to dextrose, a simple sugar. This is then processed in a high-temperature cooker to reduce bacteria before being transferred to fermenters where yeast is added and the conversion of sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2) begins. Continual technological innovations are reducing energy use and production costs on top of reducing emissions.

There are a range of next generation biofuels. Advanced biofuels are non-ethanol fuels derived from cornstarch with 50 percent less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while cellulosic biofuels are made from agricultural waste streams, such corn stalks, rice straw and other new "energy crops" such as fast-growing trees and grasses.

Where are the biofuel plants and who are the large players?

There are 358 known biofuel plants in the US, but only a third have actually been commissioned, according to New Energy Finance, which conducted an extensive industry survey. Most are located in the Midwest, close to abundant supplies of corn and other crops.

A bulge of new capacity is expected to come on-line through the end of 2008, which will gradually taper off through 2009. Overcapacity during the next two years could dampen financing for projects beyond this time; at least a dozen projects have been put on hold or abandoned altogether, in some cases because of soaring corn prices.

In any case, federal mandates were conceived to keep pace with projected supply. The RFS calls for 13.2 billion gallons of corn-based ethanol in 2012 and 15 billion in 2015.

Given the relatively low cost of entry, the biofuels industry is quite fragmented. There are, however, some large players, including privately-held POET, the world’s largest ethanol producer at 1.2 billion gallons a year,  Archer Daniels Midland

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[ADM  Loading...      ()] (1.07 billion), VeraSun Energy

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[VSE  Loading...      ()] (560 million) and US BioEnergy (310 million).

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What are the future trends in the industry?

Next-generation biofuels will be based on cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls and the most common organic compound on earth. This greatly expands industry feed stocks. One study concluded that the US could produce more than one billion tons of biomass a year, sufficient to displace about a third of the country’s present petroleum consumption.

Other advantages include additional reduction of greenhouse gases and economic growth outside of the country’s grain belt, which has been the principal beneficiary of the first stage of biofuels.

Current law mandates 36 billion gallons of biofuels by 2022, but it also requires that some 58 percent of it be advanced biofuels. This involves a more advanced conversion process that is still expensive and commercially undeveloped.

The Department of Energy has invested close to $400 million on six demonstration projects to fast-track cellulosic biofuels, which promise long legs for the industry. Congress has also provided numerous incentives — including an income tax credit of $1.01 per gallon — to spur development.

The trend is toward developing so called bio-refineries, modeled on petrochemical ones, which produce multiple products at a single facility by integrating several conversion processes. Thus, the plants could produce transportation fuel (ethanol and biodiesel) and high-value chemicals — or other derivative products — formerly made from petroleum, providing the foundation of a new domestic industry.