The credit-card overhaul that President Obama will sign into law Friday could have a bigger impact on consumers than any other economic initiative so far, with some experts predicting a broad restructuring of how credit cards are priced, managed and marketed.
"These are monumental and expensive changes for credit card issuers to implement," said Duncan Douglass, a lawyer with the firm of Alston & Bird who specializes in payment law.
Credit Card swipe
Every American with a credit card will see sweeping changes in the market, with limits on sudden hikes in interest rates that drive consumers deeper into debt. Even cardholders who pay off their balance each month may face new annual fees or lose out on lucrative rewards programs.
The legislation, which Congress approved earlier this week, represents the first of several reforms on banking and market rules that the Obama administration plans in hopes of preventing another financial crisis.
Included in the bill is an unrelated measure by Sen. Tom Coburn, R-Okla., that would allow people to bring loaded guns into national parks and wildlife refuges.
The bill will revolutionize the market by restricting when and how a card company can raise an individual's interest rate, who can receive a card and how much time people are given to pay their bill.
In general, the new rules — which go into effect in nine months — will protect debt-ridden consumers from many of the surprise charges common in the industry, such as over-the-limit fees and costs for paying a bill by phone.
The bill will hurt the profits of major card issuers such as Citigroup, Bank of America , JPMorgan Chase and Capital One , analysts said
Banks will need to make up the cost somewhere, and cardholders who pay off their balance in full each month could see new annual fees and lucrative rewards programs canceled. Credit could become harder to come by too.
Under the bill, a customer would have to be more than 60 days behind on a payment before seeing a rate increase on an existing balance. Even then, the lender would be required to restore the previous, lower rate if the cardholder pays the minimum balance on time for six months.
Credit Cards
The practice of charging higher rates and fees to cardholders with risky credit was devised as a means to protect lenders against the risk of default while keeping costs low for consumers who paid their bill on time, said Edward Yingling, president and CEO of the American Bankers Association, which lobbied against the legislation.
Yingling says the new rules will limit the card companies' ability to price according to risk.
"Less credit will be available generally, which means some consumers and small businesses will not be able to obtain credit cards at all, particularly younger people and start-up small businesses," Yingling said.
Dodd, who championed the bill, said this argument is absurd and "a little like Chicken Little." Flooded with complaints by constituents who say they are victims of abusive practices by the card companies, the Senate fast-tracked Dodd's bill and only five senators voted against it.
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Some of the changes, including a requirement that cardholders receive 45-days notice before their rates are raised, are already on track to take effect in July 2010 under new regulations by the Federal Reserve.
The legislation would put these changes into law and go farther in restricting when and how banks charge people and who could get a card.
For example, the bill would require people under 21 to prove first that they can repay the money or that a parent or guardian is willing to pay off their debt if they default.
Consumer advocates say it's up to the banks to decide what happens next. Nick Bourke, manager of the Safe Credit Cards Project at the Pew Health Group, said companies already offering transparent pricing won't have to drastically change how they do business.
Lenders could probably cover costs with small annual fees in the $15-$20 range or increase upfront interest rates, he said.
"Nothing requires pricing to go up and benefits to go down," Bourke said. "The only thing that is required is that the price offered actually reflects the cost of using the card."
Regardless of how banks respond to the bill, it's passage this week reflects both America's addiction to debt and easy credit's contribution to the economic downturn.
Americans owed more than $945 billion in credit card debt in March. That level has fallen lately as households pull back during the recession, but credit card indebtedness is still up about 25 percent over a decade ago, reflecting an explosion in consumers' access to and use of plastic.
Seventy-eight percent of U.S. families have a card and average debt among families with a balance was $7,300 in 2007.
Last year, the Nilson Report estimated that more than 700 million credit cards were in circulation in the United States. That's more than two cards for every man, woman and child.
What's more is that many cardholders are carrying hefty balances. According to the Federal Reserve, the nation is some $2.5 trillion in debt, excluding home mortgages.
Lawmakers supporting the bill say legislation is necessary to stop a vicious cycle: A cardholder falls behind on one bill and watches helplessly as the rate spikes on their existing balance.
—Reuters and AP contributed to this story