Daniel Thorton at the St. Louis Fed has an important note out on the effect of zero interest rates.
In short, he argues that the Fed's policy is lowering consumption because it drains interest income out of the economy.
annuities
Is the net effect of the zero interest policy on consumption positive or negative? The accompanying chart suggests that it could be negative. Interest income declined by $400 billion from September 2008 to October 2009 and has since been relatively constant. Indeed, the chart shows that interest income as a percent of personal income declined from its 2008:Q3 peak of 9.9 percent to 6.5 percent in 2012:Q2, a level not seen since 1969. The chart also shows that there was a marked increase in the saving rate at the outset of the 2007-09 recession. While the saving rate declined from its immediate post-recession peak after the implementation of the zero interest rate policy, the average saving rate from 2009:Q1 through 2012:Q2 was 3.5 percent compared with 2.33 percent from 2000:Q1 through 2008:Q4.
Even if the effect of the zero interest rate policy on consumption has been negative, the total effect could be positive because of the positive effect on investment spending. The problem here is that the interest rate channel of monetary policy has been thought to be relatively weak for a variety of reasons: (i) Policy actions have the largest effect on short-term rates, but longer-term rates, which are much less affected, matter for most spending decisions; (ii) rates on credit cards, revolving lines of credit, and other conditions that would affect consumer spending are relatively insensitive to changes in the policy rate; (iii) businesses say that interest expense is a relatively minor consideration when making investment decisions—the most important consideration is the expected stream of income from the investment; and (iv) much corporate investment is completely or partially internally financed.
The weakness of the interest rate channel was acknowledged by Bernanke and Gertler (1995), who noted that “empirical studies of supposedly ‘interest-sensitive’ components of aggregate spending have in fact had great difficulty in identifying a quantitatively important effect.” Indeed, in an attempt to account for what they believed to be the apparent potency of monetary policy, a number of economists have considered the role of imperfect information and other frictions in the credit market. Collectively, these mechanisms are known as the credit channel of monetary policy.
Furthermore, several economists have questioned the extent to which the Fed can influence interest rates, in part, because the effect of the Fed’s lending and investing actions on the supply of credit has been small historically. Other things the same, the smaller the effect of Fed actions on the supply of credit, the smaller the effect on interest rates. However, since Lehman Brothers announced bankruptcy in mid-September 2008, the Fed has significantly increased its contribution to the total supply of credit from about $800 billion to about $2.6 trillion. But $1.5 trillion of the $1.8 trillion increase in the supply of credit is held by banks as excess reserves. Hence, the net increase in the supply of credit to the public is only about $300 billion, a small increase relative to the $55 trillion domestic credit market and even smaller relative to the economically relevant international credit market.
In any event, if investment spending is sufficiently insensitive to changes in the interest rate and the effect of the Fed’s actions on interest rates is sufficiently weak, the net effect of the FOMC’s persistent zero interest rate policy could hinder economic growth.
What makes this really interesting is the implication that raising rates could actually be a stimulative catalyst. Interest income would increase, providing consumers with more money to spend.
- by CNBC.com senior editor John Carney
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