Whether you're a beginner or seasoned investor, you need to consider asset location, as income in some accounts can trigger a surprise tax bill.
While your 401(k) plan or individual retirement account may shield you from yearly investment income, such as dividends or capital gains, your brokerage account is taxable, meaning you may owe levies on annual activity.
"I definitely take that into consideration when I'm designing portfolios for clients," said JoAnn May, a certified financial planner and CPA with Forest Asset Management in Berwyn, Illinois. "I always keep the taxability of assets in mind when strategizing where things are going to go."
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If you have three types of accounts — brokerage, tax-deferred and tax-free — it's easier to pick the best spot for each asset, May said.
Since bonds may have less growth but distribute income, they may be suitable for tax-deferred accounts, like your 401(k) plan, she said, and investments most likely to appreciate may be ideal for tax-free accounts, like a Roth IRA.
However, if you don't have the three account options, there may be other opportunities for tax efficiency, May said.
For example, if you have a large enough bond portfolio, you may have to put some assets in a brokerage account. But depending on your income, you may consider municipal bonds, she suggested, which generally avoid federal levies and possibly state and local taxes on interest.
Other assets to avoid in a brokerage account are real estate investment trusts, or REITs, which must distribute 90% of taxable income to shareholders, said Mike Piper, a CPA at the firm in his name in St. Louis.
"If you have to have [funds] in taxable accounts, you want to make sure it's generally something with low turnover," he said.
Exchange-traded funds or index funds generally spit off less income than actively-managed mutual funds, which typically have year-end payouts.
All-in-one fund risks
Another investment that's better suited in tax-deferred or tax-free accounts is all-in-one funds, which attempt to create a whole portfolio, such as target-date funds, an age-based retirement asset.
Since all-in-one funds contain different types of assets, there's no ability to put certain portions, such as bonds spitting off income, into a more tax-efficient spot, Piper explained.
These investments also limit your ability to use tax-loss harvesting, or sell assets at a loss to offset gains, because you can't change the underlying holdings, he said.
For example, let's say your all-in-one fund has U.S. stocks, international stocks and bond funds. If there's a dip in domestic stocks, you can't harvest those losses by selling only that portion, whereas you may have that choice if you own each fund individually.
You may also see excess turnover from the underlying funds, creating capital gains that may be taxed at regular income rates, depending on the length of ownership.
"They're really just not a great fit for taxable accounts," Piper added.
