How Russia invaded Ukraine in 2014. And how the markets tanked
- Russia's seizure of Crimea from Ukraine had its roots in a long history between the two former Soviet states.
- But it was a destabilized government and street protests in Kyiv in early 2014 that led to Russian President Vladimir Putin making his move.
- On March 21 that year, Putin signed legislation that completed the process of absorbing Crimea into Russia, defying Western leaders.
Warnings of a full-scale war and vast troop buildup near the Ukrainian border are giving onlookers more than just a hint of deja vu.
The recent tension has revived memories of the early stages of a conflict that began eight years ago, which saw the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, and the start of bloodshed in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions in the east of the country, which still continues until this day.
Russia's seizure of Crimea had its roots in a long history between the two former Soviet states, but it was a destabilized government and street protests in Kyiv in early 2014 that led to Russian President Vladimir Putin making his move.
EU rejection
In November 2013, Viktor Yanukovych, Ukraine's pro-Russian president, rejected closer ties with the European Union by refusing to sign an association agreement on the eve of a summit in Vilnius, Lithuania.
Yanukovych was pressured by Russia, which subsequently offered Ukraine economic assistance to the tune of $15 billion. But there are also accusations that Brussels and the International Monetary Fund were slow and inflexible with their own plans to bail out Ukraine's failing economy.
Yanukovych's rejection sent angry citizens onto the streets of Kyiv. The unrest escalated over several months and security forces attempted to clamp down on the protests. Dozens died on Feb. 20, 2014, at Kyiv's Independence Square, the bloodiest day of the violence.
By late February, Yanukovych had fled and the capital had fallen into the hands of various pro-European opposition parties. The focus turned to Crimea, a peninsula in the south of the country home to an ethnic Russian majority, where Russia's Black Sea Fleet was headquartered.
Putin dispatched his army to Ukraine's borders for an unexpected military exercise, and fighter jets along Russia's western borders were put on high alert. Then on Thursday Feb. 27, gunmen with no insignia on their uniforms seized government buildings in Crimea, and then took control of two Crimean airports the day after.
Markets roiled
A market rally on Wall Street faded Friday afternoon on rumors of the Russian military action. That week also saw the ruble fall to a record low against the euro and a five-year low against the dollar. Ukraine's hryvnia had already collapsed on fears of a default.
On the Monday after, following a weekend of Ukraine preparing for war, the German DAX — with its heavy exposure to Russian gas — fell 3.3%, it's biggest fall at the time since May 2012. Russian stocks tanked 10.8% that same day.
Moscow-listed shares of mobile operator MegaFon closed down 11%, while oil firm Rosneft closed down 4%, Gazprom slipped 14.5% and Sberbank sunk 15%. Shares of Russian companies QIWI and Mobile Telesystems were also hit, closing down 11% and 12.6% respectively.
Elsewhere, companies with high exposure to Russia and Ukraine included French carmaker Renault, which fell 5% that Monday, and Italy's UniCredit, which dropped 4.1%.
'Little green men'
The Russian president initially denied that the unbadged soldiers in Crimea — now known as Putin's "little green men" — were Russian troops, before an admission the following month.
In March, Crimea voted overwhelmingly in favor of leaving Ukraine in a referendum that Europe and the United States said was illegal and triggered sanctions.
On March 21, Putin signed legislation that completed the process of absorbing Crimea into Russia, defying Western leaders like then U.S. president, Barack Obama, who have since faced heavy criticism for being too soft with the Russian invasion.
William Hague, Britain's then foreign minister, called Russia's actions "the biggest crisis in Europe in the 21st century."