Chinese shares were in the red after returning from a week-long holiday, as a private Chinese manufacturing survey missed forecasts and China's central bank surprised markets by raising its short-term lending rates.
China's fell 0.59 percent or 18.5 points to close at 3,140.6, while the Shenzhen composite was down 0.39 percent or 7.5 points at 1,909.78. Meanwhile in Hong Kong, the index was down 0.42 percent by mid-afternoon.
The People's Bank of China surprised markets by hiking short-term interest rates, also known as reverse repurchase agreements (repos), by ten basis points to 2.35 percent.
"The central bank has abandoned the benchmark deposit rate and borrowing rate as the policy interest rate tool. This, however, does not mean the start of a tightening cycle," said Iris Pang, senior economist of greater China at Natixis, in a Friday note.
Pang said that liquidity is still ample, but it comes at a higher cost, adding that if this were a tightening cycle, there would be a contraction in the money supply. She explained that the higher rates could be a move to promote deleveraging among companies.
"Since 2008, Beijing has quadrupled its total debt, and we can't fully quantify shadow banking, corporate and local government debt. We expect this year to see an acceleration of deleveraging for the Chinese economy," Gavin Parry, managing director of Parry International Trading, told CNBC late January.
China Caixin manufacturing purchasing managers' index (PMI) for January slowed to 51.0 from December's 47-month record high of 51.9, and missed a Reuters poll forecast of 51.2. The manufacturing PMI provides an overall view of activity in China's manufacturing sector, and is a closely watched indicator of economic health.
The week-long holiday was not without controversy, with Chinese billionaire Xiao Jianhua abducted from Hong Kong's Four Seasons hotel last week by Chinese agents. Xiao had reportedly helped China's richest families and leaders move money around, the Financial Times reported.
Companies directly or indirectly controlled by the Xiao's conglomerate Tomorrow Group saw their shares plummet amid uncertainty over his fate on Friday, Reuters said.
Sugar products maker Baotou Huazi plunged 10 percent, the daily downward limit on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, while Chemicals manufacturer Baotou Tomorrow Technology dropped 5.04 percent and Cement supplier Xishui Strong Year Inner Mongolia tumbled 10 percent.
Down Under, the ASX 200 closed down 0.42 percent or 23.83 points to close at 5,621.6. The Australian benchmark was weighed by its energy sub-index, which slipped 1.2 percent, and the materials sub-index, which fell 2.2 percent.
Shares of Virgin Australia were down 4.65 percent on Friday. Tigerair Australia, a subsidiary of Virgin Australia Holdings, said would permanently quit flights to Bali, after Indonesian authorities switched to a new operating model, Reuters reported.
Last month, Indonesia had revoked Tigerair Australia's permission to fly, saying it did not meet charter flight regulations. Qantas Airway stock was also in the red, down 1.52 percent.
Japan's index was flat at 18,918.2 after the Bank of Japan December meeting minutes showed that several policymakers said that they should not set a rigid range in trying to achieve its target of guiding its government bond yields to around zero percent.
Sony was surged up 4.99 percent, after it reported its third-quarter earnings on Thursday, which showed sales fell by 7 percent on-year and operating profits declined 54 percent, mostly on the back of a goodwill impairment in the pictures segment.
But Sony's semiconductor unit exceeded expectations sharply, said Yu Okazaki, research analyst at Nomura, in a note on Thursday, pointing to the volume of sales for the image sensors for mobile devices at 80,000 units per month, up from 73,000 units per month as of July.
Murata Manufacturing shares were up 4.51 percent after the Nikkei Business Daily reported that it was in talks with Samsung Electronics to make batteries for the Galaxy S8 smartphone models.
In South Korea, the Kospi finished 0.1 percent or 2.2 points to 2,073.16. Earlier, the Bank of Korea said the country's seasonally-adjusted current account surplus in December rose to a 6-month high at $8.57 billion.
Shares of Samsung Electronics was off 0.1 percent. The South Korean electronics conglomerate received a warm welcome by President Trump over a possible new U.S. plant for Samsung's home appliances.
"Thank you, Samsung! We would love to have you!" Trump said in a tweet.
Recent media reports have surfaced transcripts of Trump's conversations with Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto, that had the U.S. leader warning he was ready to send U.S. troops to stop "bad hombres down there" unless the Mexican military does more to control them.
Trump's conversation with Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull last Saturday was equally worrisome. The Washington Post reported on Wednesday that Trump heavily criticized an Australian-U.S. refugee deal and told Turnbull that among all the conversations he had with political leaders that day, this one was "the worst call by far."
Tensions are also brewing between the Trump administration and Iran, after National Security Adviser Michael Flynn put Iran "on notice" after it conducted a ballistic missile test this week.
And Trump subsequently tweeted that Iran should be more grateful for the nuclear deal that the former U.S. President Barack Obama had struck with them.
U.S. major indexes were mixed on Thursday, with the down 0.03 percent to 19,884.91, S&P 500 up 0.06 percent at 2,280.85 and the slipping 0.11 percent to finish at 5,636.2.
It will be a busy day of economic data for the U.S., with January nonfarm payrolls, December factory orders and the ISM services index for January on tap. A Reuters poll expects 175,000 jobs added in January, with factory orders up 1 percent in December, and January ISM services index unchanged at 55.1.
In currency markets, the greenback fell to its lowest levels overnight since mid-November against a basket of currencies at 99.233, but recovered to trade at 99.916 on Friday. The Australian dollar fetched $0.7643, hitting above $0.76 on Thursday after it reported a record trade surplus in December. The dollar/yen was trading at 112.63, lower than last week's levels above 114.
Meanwhile, sterling fell to $1.2517 after the Bank of England unanimously decided to keep benchmark rates unchanged and increased its annual growth forecast to 2 percent from its November estimate of 1.4 percent.
Crude oil futures were higher during Asian trade, after news that the U.S. could impose fresh sanctions on several Iranian entities, Reuters reported. U.S. crude was up 0.35 percent at $53.73 per barrel, while Brent crude was up 0.3 percent at $56.73.