The Supreme Court in a ruling Monday allowed the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to continue operating, but said that the director of the watchdog can be removed by the president of the United States "at will."
The decision, written by Chief Justice John Roberts, agreed with a California-based law firm's argument that the CFPB's leadership by a sole director who was removable "only for cause" violated the separation of powers rule under the U.S. Constitution.
The 5-4 ruling overturns decisions by a federal district court and appeals court that had rejected the law firm's arguments.
"The agency may ... continue to operate, but its Director, in light of our decision, must be removable by the President at will," Roberts wrote in the majority decision, in which he was joined the court's other four conservative justices.
Justice Elena Kagan, in a dissent joined by her three liberal colleagues, wrote that the majority failed to respect the proper role of the Supreme Court in allowing the two political branches of government, Congress and the president, to decide how to structure the executive branch of the government.
"Today's decision wipes out a feature of that agency its creators thought fundamental to its mission — a measure of independence from political pressure," Kagan wrote.
But Sen. Elizabeth Warren, the Massachusetts Democrat who first envisioned the CFPB while a professor at Harvard Law School, in a tweet responding to the ruling wrote, "Let's not lose sight of the bigger picture: after years of industry attacks and GOP opposition, a conservative Supreme Court recognized what we all knew: the @CFPB itself and the law that created it is constitutional"
"The CFPB is here to stay," Warren added.
The CFPB, which was established by Congress under former President Barack Obama in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, oversees consumer financial markets like credit cards and home mortgages.
It returned nearly $12 billion to consumers through 2017, before largely curtailing enforcement actions under President Donald Trump.Â
Seila Law alleged that the CFPB's director's protection from dismissal by the presidential was unlawful.
The firm, which provides debt-related legal services, was fighting a civil demand for information and documents from the CFPB related to the firm's practices.
Under the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act establishing the bureau, the director is appointed for a five-year term and may only be removed for "inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office."Â
Roberts noted that the leadership structure of the CFPB "has no foothold in history or tradition," and that Congress has given protection from removal to principal officers of agencies in just four "isolated instances."
Those were for the the comptroller of the currency for just a one-year period during the Civil War, the Office of Special Counsel, the administrator of the Social Security Administration, and the director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency.
"Aside from the one-year blip for the Comptroller of the Currency, these examples are modern and contested; and they do not involve regulatory or enforcement authority comparable to that exercised by the CFPB," Roberts wrote.
He added that, "The CFPB's single Director configuration is also incompatible with the structure of the Constitution, which — with the sole exception of the Presidency — scrupulously avoids concentrating power in the hands of any single individual."
Kagan, in her dissent, took aim at the majority's argument that the CFPB's structure violated the separation of powers.
"What does the Constitution say about the separation of powers — and particularly about the President's removal authority? (Spoiler alert: about the latter, nothing at all.)," Kagan wrote.
"Nowhere does the text say anything about the President's power to remove subordinate officials at will," Kagan wrote.
Jeremy Funk, spokesman for consumer watchdog group Allied Progress, in a prepared statement said, "The Roberts-led Corporate Court strikes again, predictably siding with industry groups that have an axe to grind against the CFPB or a financial motive in seeing the agency weakened."
"The CFPB's independence is what allowed it to be a powerful and effective advocate for consumers in the past, but the high court ruled that the agency should instead be guided by the political whims of the President," Funk said.Â
The case is formally known as Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, No. 19-7.